Michael Kremer

Papers

2013

When Is Prevention More Profitable than Cure? The Impact of Time-Varying Consumer Heterogeneity (with Chrisstopher Snyder)

2012

School Governance, Teacher Incentives, and Pupil-Teacher Ratios: Experimental Evidence from Kenyan Primary Schools (with Esther Duflo and Pascaline Dupas) Working Paper

Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of Child Health Gains (with Sarah Baird, Joan Hamory Hicks, and Edward Miguel) Working Paper

2011

"Is There a Doctor in the House? Medical Worker Absence in India," (with Karthik Muralidharan, Nazmul Chaudhury, Jeffrey Hammer, and F. Halsey Rogers), Working Paper.

The Economics of International Refugee Law (with Ryan Bubb and David Levine), Working Paper.

Education as Liberation (with Willa Friedman, Edward Miguel and Rebecca Thornton), Working Paper.

2010

Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya (with Esther Duflo and Jon Robinson), forthcoming, American Economic Review.

The Economics of International Refugee Law (with Ryan Bubb and David Levine), forthcoming. Journal of Legal Studies.

Spring Cleaning: Rural Water Impacts, Valuation, and Property Rights Institutions (with Jessica Leino, Edward Miguel, and Alix Peterson Zwane), forthcoming Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking (with Esther Duflo and Pascaline Dupas), forthcoming American Economic Review. Web Appendix.

The Risk of Asking: Being Surveyed Can Affect Later Behavior (with Alix Peterson Zwane, Jonathan Zinman, Eric Van Dusen, William Pariente, Clair Null, Edward Miguel, Dean Karlan, Richard Hornbeck, Xavier Ginéj, Esther Duflo, Florencia DeVoto, Bruno Crepon, and Abhijit Banerjee. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Are Educational Vouchers Only Redistributive? (with Eric Bettinger and Juan Saavedra)The Economic Journal: 120 (August 2010).

Providing Safe Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations (with Alix Peterson Zwane and Amrita Ahuja) Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 2, 2010.

Teacher Incentives (with Paul Glewwe and Nauman Ilias) American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2:3 (July 2010).

Self-Control and the Development of Work Arrangements (with Supreet Kaur and Sendhil Mullainathan) American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 100:2 (May 2010).

Early-Life Malaria Exposure and Adult Outcomes: Evidence from Malaria Eradication in India (with David Cutler, Winnie Fung, Monica Singhal and Tom Vogl) American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2:2 (April 2010). Early-Life Malaria Exposure and Adult Outcomes Appendix

Incentivizing Education: Adding to the Toolkit (with Heidi Williams) Innovation Policy and the Economy Vol. 10, 2010.

2009

Economic Transformation, Population Growth and the Long-Run World Income Distribution, (with Marcos Chamon), Journal of Interntational Economics 79:1 (September 2009).

Incentives to Learn (with Edward Miguel and Rebecca Thornton) Review of Economics and Statistics 91:3 (August 2009).

Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering (with David Clingingsmith and Asim Ijaz Kjwaja) Quarterly Journal of Economics 124:3 (August 2009)

Improving Education in the Developing World: What Have We Learned from Randomized Evaluations? (with Alaka Holla) in Kenneth J. Arrow and Timoothy F. Bresnahan, eds., Annual Review of Economics, Volume One.

Pricing and Access: Lessons from Randomized Evaluation in Education and Health (with Alaka Holla), in What Works in Development: Thinnking Big and Thinking Small, eds. William Easterly and Jessica Cohen, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

Protecting Antiquities: A Role for Long-Term Leases? (with Tom Wilkening) 2009.

A Biological Model of Unions (with Ben Olken), American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1:2 (April 2009): 150 - 175. (NBER Wowrking Paper 8257, 2001.)

Teacher Incentives in the Developing World, (with Paul Glewwe and Alaka Holla) in Performance Incentives: Their Growing Impact on K-12 Education, ed. Matthew Springer, Washington D.C.: Brookings Instittution Press.

Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya , (with Paul Glewwe and Sylvie Moulin). American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1:1 (January 2009): 112-135. (National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Papers: 13300, 2007).

Public-Private Schools in Rural India, (with Karthik Muralidharan) in Rajashri Chakrakbarti and Paul Peterson, eds., School Choice International: Exploring Public-Private Partnerships. Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press

2008

Incentives in Markets, Firms, and Governments, (with Daron Acemoglu and Atif Mian), Journal of Law and Economics, October 2008.

Outside Funding and the Dynamics of Participation in Community Associations, (with Mary Kay Gugerty), American Journal of Political Science 52:3 July 2008.

Peer Effects and Alcohol Use among College Students, (with Dan Levy) Journal of Economic Perspectives 22:3 (Summer 2008).

How High Are Rates of Return to Fertilizer? Evidence from Field Experiments in Kenya (with Esther Duflo and Jonathan Robinson) American Economic Review 98:2 (May 2008).

2007

"What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review," (with Alix Peterson Zwane), forthcoming in the World Bank Research Observer, 2007.

The Illusion of Sustainabiltiy, (with Edward Miguel) Quarterly Journal of Economics 122:3 (August 2007).

2006

"Empathy or Antipathy? The Consequences of Racially and Socially Diverse Peers on Attitudes and Behaviors," with Greg Duncan, Johanne Boisjoly, Dan Levy, and Jacque Eccles, American Economic Review 96:5 (December 2006): 1890-1906.

"Odious Debt," (with Seema Jayachandran), American Economic Review 96:1 (March 2006): 86-42.

"The Globalization of Household Production," (with Stanley Watt), 2006.

"Globalization and Inequality," (with Eric Maskin), 2006.

"Contracting for Health: Evidence from Cambodia," (with with Erik Bloom, Elizabeth King, Indu Bhushan, David Clingingsmith, Benjamin Loevinsohn, Rathavuth Hong, and J. Brad Schwartz), 2006.

"Advance Market Commitments for Vaccines Against Neglected Diseases: Estimating Costs and Effectiveness," (with Ernst Berndt, Rachel Glennerster, Jean Lee, Ruth Levine, Georg Weizsäcker, and Heidi Williams), forthcoming in Health Economics.

"Creating Markets for Vaccines," (with Rachel Glennerster and Heidi Williams), Innovations, 2006, 1(1): 67-79.

"Advance Market Commitments: A Policy to Stimulate Investment in Vaccines for Neglected Diseases," (with Owen Barder and Heidi Williams), in The Economists' Voice.

"Applying the Odious Debt Doctrine while Preserving Legitimate Lending," (with Seema Jayachandran and Jonathan Shaftter), forthcoming in Ethics & International Affairs.

"Asian Growth and African Development," (with Marcos Chamon), forthcoming in AER Papers and Proceedings.

Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit (with Esther Duflo and Rachel Glennerster)

"Why Is There No AIDS Vaccine?" (with Christopher M. Snyder).

"A Biological Model of Unions," (with Benjamin Olken), January 2006.

2005

"Economic transformation, population growth and the long-run world income distribution," (with Marcos Chamon), July 2005.

"Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries," (with Nazmul Chaudhury, Jeffrey Hammer, Karthik Muralidharan, and F. Halsey Rogers), forthcoming in Journal of Economic Perspectives.

"Odious Debt," (with Seema Jayachandran), American Economic Review 96:1 (March 2006):82-92 .

"Long-Term Educational Consequences of Secondary School Vouchers: Evidence from Administrative Records in Colombia," (with Josh Angrist and Eric Bettinger), forthcoming in American Economic Review.

"Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries," (with Paul Glewwe), forthcoming in Handbook on the Economics of Education, Elsevier.

"The Price of Life," (with Rachel Glennerster and Heidi Williams) Foreign Policy May/June 2005: 26-27.

2004

"Teacher Absence in India: A Snapshot," (with Nazmul Chaudhury, Jeffrey Hammer, Karthik Muralidharan, and F. Halsey Rogers), forthcoming in Journal of the European Economic Association.

"Ways to Spur Malaria Vaccine Research," (with Rachel Glennerster), forthcoming in The Economics of Malaria.

"Incentives to Learn," (with Edward Miguel and Rebecca Thornton), September 2004, revised January 2007.

"Retrospective vs. Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya," (with Paul Glewwe, Sylvie Moulin and Eric Zitzewitz), Journal of Development Economics 74(1), June 2004, pp. 251-268. (NBER Working Paper 8018, 2000)

"Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities," (with Edward Miguel), Econometrica 72(1), January 2004, pp. 159-217. (February 2003 draft; NBER Working Paper 8481, 2001)

2003

"Randomized Evaluations of Educational Programs in Developing Countries: Some Lessons," American Economic Review 93(2), May 2003, pp. 102-106.

"A Purchase Commitment for Vaccines," reprinted in Dyna Arhin-Tenkorang and Pedro Conceição, "Beyond Communicable Disease Control: Health in the Age of Globalization," in Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceição, Katell Le Goulven, and Ronald U. Mendoza (eds.), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, Oxford University Press, 2003.

"Peer Effects and Alcohol Use Among College Students," (with Dan Levy), 2003.

"Encouraging Technical Progress in Tropical Agriculture," (with Alix Zwane), March 2003.

"Odious Debt," (with Seema Jayachandran), Brookings Review, 21(2), Spring 2003.

"Regional Public Goods and Health in Latin American," (with Jessica Leino), 2003.

2002

"Vouchers for Private Schooling in Colombia: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment," (with Josh Angrist, Eric Bettinger, Erik Bloom, and Elizabeth King), American Economic Review 92(5), December 2002, pp. 1535-1558. (NBER Working Paper 8343, 2001)

"Pharmaceuticals and the Developing World," Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(4), Fall 2002.

"A Biological Model of Unions," (with Ben Olken), October 2002. (NBER Working Paper 8257, 2001.)

"Income Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility," (with Daniel Chen), Journal of Economic Growth 7(3), September 2002, pp. 227-258. (NBER Working Paper 7530, 2000)

"The Impact of Development Assistance on Social Capital: Evidence from Kenya," (with Mary Kay Gugerty), in Christian Grootaert and Thierry van Bastelaer (eds.), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, Cambridge University Press, April 2002.

"A Purchase Commitment for Vaccines," in Inge Kaul, Katell Le Goulven, and Mirjam Schnupf (eds.), Global Public Goods Financing: New Tools for New Challenges, A Policy Dialogue, UNDP/ODS, 2002.

"A World of Junk-Status States" (with Seema Jayachandran), The Guardian (London), August 19, 2002.

"Odious Debt," (with Seema Jayachandran), Brookings Institution Policy Brief #103, July 2002.

"Odious Debt," (with Seema Jayachandran), Finance and Development (IMF), 39(2), June 2002.

2001

"A Commitment for Vaccines," (with Jessica Leino), translated into French as "Un engagement pour les vaccins," Biofutur (217), December 2001.

"Does Favorable Tax-Treatment of Housing Reduce Equipment Investment?," (with Ben Broadbent), Journal of Public Economics 81(3), 2001, pp. 369-391. (NBER Working Paper 6161, 1997)

"Creating Markets for New Vaccines: Part I: Rationale," in Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern (eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press, Volume 1, 2001. (May 2000 draft)

"Creating Markets for New Vaccines: Part II: Design Issues," in Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern (eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press, Volume 1, 2001. (May 2000 draft)

"Searching for Prosperity," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy (55), 2001, pp. 275-303.

"Should Taxes be Independent of Age?," 2001.
Under Revision

"Creating a Market for Vaccines," (with Rachel Glennnerster), New York Times, June 1, 2001.

"Stimulating Industrial R&D for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Economic Perspectives," (with David Webber), Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79(8), 2001, pp. 693-801.

2000

"Education Reform," in Anne O. Krueger (ed.), Economic Policy Reform: The Second Stage, University of Chicago Press, 2000.

"Why Do Governments Operate Schools?," (with Andrei Sarychev), October 2000.

"Outside Funding of Community Organizations: Benefiting or Displacing the Poor?" (with Mary Kay Gugerty), NBER Working Paper 7896, September 2000.

"A World Bank Vaccine Commitment," (with Rachel Glennerster), Brookings Institution Policy Brief #57, May 2000.

"Elephants," (with Charles Morcom), American Economic Review, March 2000, pp. 212-234. (NBER Working Paper 5674, 1996).

"Globalization and International Public Finance," (with Paras Mehta), NBER Working Paper 7575, March 2000.

"Stimulating R&D on Vaccines for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria: The Role of Tax Credits for Sales of Vaccines to Non-Profit Organizations," 2000.

A Tax Credit for Sales of HIV, Malaria, and Tuberculosis Vaccines," (with Amir Attaran, Jeffrey Sachs, and Sara Sievers), 2000.

"A Better Way to Spur Medical Research and Development," (with Rachel Glennerster), Regulation 23(2), 2000, pp. 34-39.

1999

"Income Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility," (with Daniel Chen), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May 1999, pp. 155-160. (NBER Working Paper 7530, 2000)

"A Cure for Indifference," (with Jeffrey Sachs), Financial Times, May 5, 1999.

1998

"Restructuring Social Security Taxes," Brookings Institution Policy Brief #40, December 1998.

Patent Buyouts: A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1998, pp. 1137-1167. (NBER Working Paper 6304, 1997). Reprinted in Alexander Tabarrok (ed.), Entrepreneurial Economics: Bright Ideas from the Dismal Science, Oxford University Press, 2002.

"On the Effect of Changing Sexual Activity on HIV Prevalence," (with Charles Morcom), Mathematical Biosciences 151(1), July 1998, pp. 99-122.

"Why Isn't Convergence Instantaneous? Young Workers, Old Workers, and Gradual Adjustment," (with Jim Thomson), Journal of Economic Growth 3(1), March 1998, pp. 5-28. (NBER Working Paper 4827, 1994)

"AIDS: The Economic Rationale for Public Intervention," in Martha Ainsworth, Lieve Fransen, and Mead Over (eds.), Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World, The European Commission and the World Bank, 1998.

1997

"Disorganization," (with Olivier Blanchard), Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1997, pp. 1091-1126.

"Why Are Worker Cooperatives So Rare?," NBER Working Paper 6118, 1997.

"How Much Does Sorting Increase Inequality?," Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1997, pp. 115-139. (NBER Working Paper 5566, 1996)

AIDS, Behavioral Choice, and the Composition of the Pool of Available Partners," in Advances in Mathematical Population Dynamics: Molecules, Cells and Man Part II, Chapter 8, World Scientific Publishing Co., 1997, pp. 487-510.

1996 and earlier

"Wage Inequality and Segregation by Skill," (with Eric Maskin), (NBER Working Paper 5718, 1996).
Under Revision

"Integrating Behavioral Choice into Epidemiological Models of the AIDS Epidemic," Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1996, pp. 549-573. (NBER Working Paper 5428, 1996)

"Research on Schooling: What We Know and What We Don't: A Comment on Hanushek," The World Bank Research Observer (10), August 1995, pp. 247-254.

"Can Having Fewer Partners Increase the Prevalence of AIDS?," NBER Working Paper 4942, 1994.

"Saving and Growth: a Comment," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy (40), June 1994, pp. 193-197.

"Good Policy or Good Luck? Country Growth Performance and Temporary Shocks," (with William Easterly, Lant Pritchett, and Lawrence Summers), Journal of Monetary Economics 32(3), 1993. (NBER Working Paper 4474, 1993)

"Population Growth and Technological Change: 1,000,000 B.C. to 1990," Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1993, pp. 681-716. Reprinted in Gene Grossman (ed.), Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence, Elgar Reference Collection, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics (68), 1996; and in Julian Simon (ed.,) Population Economics, forthcoming.

"The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development," Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1993, pp. 551-576. Translated into Portuguese as "A teoria 'anel em O' de desencolvimento econômico," Revista Brasileira de Economia, April/June 1995.

Send comments or questions to Jeanne Winner